GNU bug report logs - #12116
merge from gnulib for extern-inline

Previous Next

To add a comment to this bug, you must first unarchive it, by sending
a message to control AT debbugs.gnu.org, with unarchive 12116 in the body.
You can then email your comments to 12116 AT debbugs.gnu.org in the normal way.

Toggle the display of automated, internal messages from the tracker.

Message #5 received at submit <at> debbugs.gnu.org (full text, mbox):

From: Paul Eggert <eggert <at> cs.ucla.edu>
To: bug-gnu-emacs <at> gnu.org
Cc: Juanma Barranquero <lekktu <at> gmail.com>, Eli Zaretskii <eliz <at> gnu.org>
Subject: merge from gnulib for extern-inline
Date: Wed, 01 Aug 2012 15:18:51 -0700

Tags: patch

Here's a patch I plan to incorporate into Emacs after a bit more testing.
I'm CCing to Eli and to Juanma as it will most likely require
some change to the Microsoft-related build procedure, due to the three
new .c files under lib/.

=== modified file 'ChangeLog'
--- ChangeLog	2012-08-01 15:00:49 +0000
+++ ChangeLog	2012-08-01 22:11:58 +0000
@@ -1,3 +1,12 @@
+2012-08-01  Paul Eggert  <eggert <at> cs.ucla.edu>
+
+	Merge from gnulib, incorporating:
+	2012-08-01 extern-inline: new module
+	2012-08-01 stat-time, timespec, u64, utimens: use extern-inline
+	* lib/stat-time.c, lib/utimespec.c, lib/u64.c, m4/extern-inline.m4:
+	New files.  The new .c files are for instantiating extern inline
+	functions.
+
 2012-08-01  Glenn Morris  <rgm <at> gnu.org>
 
 	* configure.ac (DOS_NT, MSDOS): New system type templates.

=== modified file 'lib/gnulib.mk'
--- lib/gnulib.mk	2012-07-28 23:05:32 +0000
+++ lib/gnulib.mk	2012-08-01 22:11:58 +0000
@@ -465,6 +465,7 @@
 
 ## begin gnulib module stat-time
 
+libgnu_a_SOURCES += stat-time.c
 
 EXTRA_DIST += stat-time.h
 
@@ -1092,6 +1093,7 @@
 
 ## begin gnulib module timespec
 
+libgnu_a_SOURCES += timespec.c
 
 EXTRA_DIST += timespec.h
 
@@ -1111,6 +1113,7 @@
 
 ## begin gnulib module u64
 
+libgnu_a_SOURCES += u64.c
 
 EXTRA_DIST += u64.h
 

=== added file 'lib/stat-time.c'
--- lib/stat-time.c	1970-01-01 00:00:00 +0000
+++ lib/stat-time.c	2012-08-01 22:11:58 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+#include <config.h>
+#define _GL_STAT_TIME_INLINE _GL_EXTERN_INLINE
+#include <stat-time.h>

=== modified file 'lib/stat-time.h'
--- lib/stat-time.h	2012-06-24 17:21:20 +0000
+++ lib/stat-time.h	2012-08-01 22:11:58 +0000
@@ -23,6 +23,11 @@
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <time.h>
 
+_GL_INLINE_HEADER_BEGIN
+#ifndef _GL_STAT_TIME_INLINE
+# define _GL_STAT_TIME_INLINE _GL_INLINE
+#endif
+
 /* STAT_TIMESPEC (ST, ST_XTIM) is the ST_XTIM member for *ST of type
    struct timespec, if available.  If not, then STAT_TIMESPEC_NS (ST,
    ST_XTIM) is the nanosecond component of the ST_XTIM member for *ST,
@@ -46,7 +51,7 @@
 #endif
 
 /* Return the nanosecond component of *ST's access time.  */
-static inline long int
+_GL_STAT_TIME_INLINE long int
 get_stat_atime_ns (struct stat const *st)
 {
 # if defined STAT_TIMESPEC
@@ -59,7 +64,7 @@
 }
 
 /* Return the nanosecond component of *ST's status change time.  */
-static inline long int
+_GL_STAT_TIME_INLINE long int
 get_stat_ctime_ns (struct stat const *st)
 {
 # if defined STAT_TIMESPEC
@@ -72,7 +77,7 @@
 }
 
 /* Return the nanosecond component of *ST's data modification time.  */
-static inline long int
+_GL_STAT_TIME_INLINE long int
 get_stat_mtime_ns (struct stat const *st)
 {
 # if defined STAT_TIMESPEC
@@ -85,7 +90,7 @@
 }
 
 /* Return the nanosecond component of *ST's birth time.  */
-static inline long int
+_GL_STAT_TIME_INLINE long int
 get_stat_birthtime_ns (struct stat const *st)
 {
 # if defined HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_BIRTHTIMESPEC_TV_NSEC
@@ -100,7 +105,7 @@
 }
 
 /* Return *ST's access time.  */
-static inline struct timespec
+_GL_STAT_TIME_INLINE struct timespec
 get_stat_atime (struct stat const *st)
 {
 #ifdef STAT_TIMESPEC
@@ -114,7 +119,7 @@
 }
 
 /* Return *ST's status change time.  */
-static inline struct timespec
+_GL_STAT_TIME_INLINE struct timespec
 get_stat_ctime (struct stat const *st)
 {
 #ifdef STAT_TIMESPEC
@@ -128,7 +133,7 @@
 }
 
 /* Return *ST's data modification time.  */
-static inline struct timespec
+_GL_STAT_TIME_INLINE struct timespec
 get_stat_mtime (struct stat const *st)
 {
 #ifdef STAT_TIMESPEC
@@ -143,7 +148,7 @@
 
 /* Return *ST's birth time, if available; otherwise return a value
    with tv_sec and tv_nsec both equal to -1.  */
-static inline struct timespec
+_GL_STAT_TIME_INLINE struct timespec
 get_stat_birthtime (struct stat const *st)
 {
   struct timespec t;
@@ -186,4 +191,6 @@
   return t;
 }
 
+_GL_INLINE_HEADER_END
+
 #endif

=== added file 'lib/timespec.c'
--- lib/timespec.c	1970-01-01 00:00:00 +0000
+++ lib/timespec.c	2012-08-01 22:11:58 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+#include <config.h>
+#define _GL_TIMESPEC_INLINE _GL_EXTERN_INLINE
+#include <timespec.h>

=== modified file 'lib/timespec.h'
--- lib/timespec.h	2012-07-09 08:34:39 +0000
+++ lib/timespec.h	2012-08-01 22:11:58 +0000
@@ -21,6 +21,11 @@
 
 # include <time.h>
 
+_GL_INLINE_HEADER_BEGIN
+#ifndef _GL_TIMESPEC_INLINE
+# define _GL_TIMESPEC_INLINE _GL_INLINE
+#endif
+
 /* Return negative, zero, positive if A < B, A == B, A > B, respectively.
 
    For each time stamp T, this code assumes that either:
@@ -49,7 +54,7 @@
 
    The (int) cast avoids a gcc -Wconversion warning.  */
 
-static inline int
+_GL_TIMESPEC_INLINE int
 timespec_cmp (struct timespec a, struct timespec b)
 {
   return (a.tv_sec < b.tv_sec ? -1
@@ -59,7 +64,7 @@
 
 /* Return -1, 0, 1, depending on the sign of A.  A.tv_nsec must be
    nonnegative.  */
-static inline int
+_GL_TIMESPEC_INLINE int
 timespec_sign (struct timespec a)
 {
   return a.tv_sec < 0 ? -1 : a.tv_sec || a.tv_nsec;
@@ -73,7 +78,7 @@
   _GL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST;
 
 /* Return an approximation to A, of type 'double'.  */
-static inline double
+_GL_TIMESPEC_INLINE double
 timespectod (struct timespec a)
 {
   return a.tv_sec + a.tv_nsec / 1e9;
@@ -82,4 +87,6 @@
 void gettime (struct timespec *);
 int settime (struct timespec const *);
 
+_GL_INLINE_HEADER_END
+
 #endif

=== added file 'lib/u64.c'
--- lib/u64.c	1970-01-01 00:00:00 +0000
+++ lib/u64.c	2012-08-01 22:11:58 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+#include <config.h>
+#define _GL_U64_INLINE _GL_EXTERN_INLINE
+#include <u64.h>

=== modified file 'lib/u64.h'
--- lib/u64.h	2012-05-26 23:14:36 +0000
+++ lib/u64.h	2012-08-01 22:11:58 +0000
@@ -19,6 +19,11 @@
 
 #include <stdint.h>
 
+_GL_INLINE_HEADER_BEGIN
+#ifndef _GL_U64_INLINE
+# define _GL_U64_INLINE _GL_INLINE
+#endif
+
 /* Return X rotated left by N bits, where 0 < N < 64.  */
 #define u64rol(x, n) u64or (u64shl (x, n), u64shr (x, 64 - n))
 
@@ -54,7 +59,7 @@
 
 /* Given the high and low-order 32-bit quantities HI and LO, return a u64
    value representing (HI << 32) + LO.  */
-static inline u64
+_GL_U64_INLINE u64
 u64hilo (uint32_t hi, uint32_t lo)
 {
   u64 r;
@@ -64,7 +69,7 @@
 }
 
 /* Return a u64 value representing LO.  */
-static inline u64
+_GL_U64_INLINE u64
 u64lo (uint32_t lo)
 {
   u64 r;
@@ -74,7 +79,7 @@
 }
 
 /* Return a u64 value representing SIZE.  */
-static inline u64
+_GL_U64_INLINE u64
 u64size (size_t size)
 {
   u64 r;
@@ -84,14 +89,14 @@
 }
 
 /* Return X < Y.  */
-static inline int
+_GL_U64_INLINE int
 u64lt (u64 x, u64 y)
 {
   return x.hi < y.hi || (x.hi == y.hi && x.lo < y.lo);
 }
 
 /* Return X & Y.  */
-static inline u64
+_GL_U64_INLINE u64
 u64and (u64 x, u64 y)
 {
   u64 r;
@@ -101,7 +106,7 @@
 }
 
 /* Return X | Y.  */
-static inline u64
+_GL_U64_INLINE u64
 u64or (u64 x, u64 y)
 {
   u64 r;
@@ -111,7 +116,7 @@
 }
 
 /* Return X ^ Y.  */
-static inline u64
+_GL_U64_INLINE u64
 u64xor (u64 x, u64 y)
 {
   u64 r;
@@ -121,7 +126,7 @@
 }
 
 /* Return X + Y.  */
-static inline u64
+_GL_U64_INLINE u64
 u64plus (u64 x, u64 y)
 {
   u64 r;
@@ -131,7 +136,7 @@
 }
 
 /* Return X << N.  */
-static inline u64
+_GL_U64_INLINE u64
 u64shl (u64 x, int n)
 {
   u64 r;
@@ -149,7 +154,7 @@
 }
 
 /* Return X >> N.  */
-static inline u64
+_GL_U64_INLINE u64
 u64shr (u64 x, int n)
 {
   u64 r;
@@ -167,3 +172,5 @@
 }
 
 #endif
+
+_GL_INLINE_HEADER_END

=== modified file 'lib/utimens.c'
--- lib/utimens.c	2012-06-22 21:26:37 +0000
+++ lib/utimens.c	2012-08-01 22:11:58 +0000
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 
 #include <config.h>
 
+#define _GL_UTIMENS_INLINE _GL_EXTERN_INLINE
 #include "utimens.h"
 
 #include <assert.h>

=== modified file 'lib/utimens.h'
--- lib/utimens.h	2012-06-24 17:21:20 +0000
+++ lib/utimens.h	2012-08-01 22:11:58 +0000
@@ -1,3 +1,22 @@
+/* Set file access and modification times.
+
+   Copyright 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+   This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+   under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
+   Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or any
+   later version.
+
+   This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+   GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+   along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.  */
+
+/* Written by Paul Eggert.  */
+
 #include <time.h>
 int fdutimens (int, char const *, struct timespec const [2]);
 int utimens (char const *, struct timespec const [2]);
@@ -7,13 +26,21 @@
 # include <fcntl.h>
 # include <sys/stat.h>
 
+_GL_INLINE_HEADER_BEGIN
+#ifndef _GL_UTIMENS_INLINE
+# define _GL_UTIMENS_INLINE _GL_INLINE
+#endif
+
 int fdutimensat (int fd, int dir, char const *name, struct timespec const [2],
                  int atflag);
 
 /* Using this function makes application code slightly more readable.  */
-static inline int
+_GL_UTIMENS_INLINE int
 lutimensat (int dir, char const *file, struct timespec const times[2])
 {
   return utimensat (dir, file, times, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW);
 }
+
+_GL_INLINE_HEADER_END
+
 #endif

=== added file 'm4/extern-inline.m4'
--- m4/extern-inline.m4	1970-01-01 00:00:00 +0000
+++ m4/extern-inline.m4	2012-08-01 22:11:58 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+dnl 'extern inline' a la ISO C99.
+
+dnl Copyright 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+dnl This file is free software; the Free Software Foundation
+dnl gives unlimited permission to copy and/or distribute it,
+dnl with or without modifications, as long as this notice is preserved.
+
+AC_DEFUN([gl_EXTERN_INLINE],
+[
+  AC_REQUIRE([AC_C_INLINE])
+  AH_VERBATIM([extern_inline],
+[/* _GL_INLINE is a portable alternative to ISO C99 plain 'inline'.
+   _GL_EXTERN_INLINE is a portable alternative to 'extern inline'.
+   _GL_INLINE_HEADER_BEGIN contains useful stuff to put
+     in an include file, before uses of _GL_INLINE.
+     It suppresses GCC's bogus "no previous prototype for 'FOO'" diagnostic,
+     when FOO is an inline function in the header; see
+     <http://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=54113>.
+   _GL_INLINE_HEADER_END contains useful stuff to put
+     in the same include file, after uses of _GL_INLINE.  */
+#if __GNUC__ ? __GNUC_STDC_INLINE__ : 199901L <= __STDC_VERSION__
+# define _GL_INLINE inline
+# define _GL_EXTERN_INLINE extern inline
+# if (__GNUC__ == 4 && 6 <= __GNUC_MINOR__) || 4 < __GNUC__
+#  define _GL_INLINE_HEADER_BEGIN \
+     _Pragma ("GCC diagnostic push") \
+     _Pragma ("GCC diagnostic ignored \"-Wmissing-prototypes\"")
+#  define _GL_INLINE_HEADER_END \
+     _Pragma ("GCC diagnostic pop")
+# endif
+#else
+# define _GL_INLINE static inline
+# define _GL_EXTERN_INLINE static inline
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _GL_INLINE_HEADER_BEGIN
+# define _GL_INLINE_HEADER_BEGIN
+# define _GL_INLINE_HEADER_END
+#endif])
+])

=== modified file 'm4/gnulib-comp.m4'
--- m4/gnulib-comp.m4	2012-07-28 23:05:32 +0000
+++ m4/gnulib-comp.m4	2012-08-01 22:11:58 +0000
@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@
   # Code from module environ:
   # Code from module extensions:
   AC_REQUIRE([gl_USE_SYSTEM_EXTENSIONS])
+  # Code from module extern-inline:
   # Code from module filemode:
   # Code from module getloadavg:
   # Code from module getopt-gnu:
@@ -151,6 +152,7 @@
 gl_UNISTD_MODULE_INDICATOR([dup2])
 gl_ENVIRON
 gl_UNISTD_MODULE_INDICATOR([environ])
+AC_REQUIRE([gl_EXTERN_INLINE])
 gl_FILEMODE
 gl_GETLOADAVG
 if test $HAVE_GETLOADAVG = 0; then
@@ -261,7 +263,6 @@
 fi
 gl_TIME_MODULE_INDICATOR([time_r])
 gl_TIMESPEC
-AC_REQUIRE([AC_C_INLINE])
 gl_UNISTD_H
 gl_UTIMENS
   gl_gnulib_enabled_dosname=false
@@ -565,6 +566,7 @@
   lib/sha512.c
   lib/sha512.h
   lib/signal.in.h
+  lib/stat-time.c
   lib/stat-time.h
   lib/stat.c
   lib/stdalign.in.h
@@ -590,7 +592,9 @@
   lib/time_r.c
   lib/timespec-add.c
   lib/timespec-sub.c
+  lib/timespec.c
   lib/timespec.h
+  lib/u64.c
   lib/u64.h
   lib/unistd.in.h
   lib/utimens.c
@@ -603,6 +607,7 @@
   m4/dup2.m4
   m4/environ.m4
   m4/extensions.m4
+  m4/extern-inline.m4
   m4/filemode.m4
   m4/getloadavg.m4
   m4/getopt.m4

Message #10 received at 12116-done <at> debbugs.gnu.org (full text, mbox):

From: Paul Eggert <paul.eggert <at> verizon.net>
To: 12116-done <at> debbugs.gnu.org
Subject: Re:  merge from gnulib for extern-inline
Date: Wed, 01 Aug 2012 23:17:21 -0700

I installed this as trunk bzr 109387
and so am marking it as done.

Message #13 received at submit <at> debbugs.gnu.org (full text, mbox):

From: Eli Zaretskii <eliz <at> gnu.org>
To: Paul Eggert <eggert <at> cs.ucla.edu>
Cc: lekktu <at> gmail.com, bug-gnu-emacs <at> gnu.org
Subject: Re: merge from gnulib for extern-inline
Date: Thu, 02 Aug 2012 18:07:33 +0300

> Date: Wed, 01 Aug 2012 15:18:51 -0700
> From: Paul Eggert <eggert <at> cs.ucla.edu>
> CC: Eli Zaretskii <eliz <at> gnu.org>, Juanma Barranquero <lekktu <at> gmail.com>
> 
> Tags: patch
> 
> Here's a patch I plan to incorporate into Emacs after a bit more testing.
> I'm CCing to Eli and to Juanma as it will most likely require
> some change to the Microsoft-related build procedure, due to the three
> new .c files under lib/.

Can you explain what it does?  I don't understand how these changes
are supposed to plug into Emacs sources in general, and into sources
that are used on MS-Windows in particular.

TIA

Message #16 received at 12116 <at> debbugs.gnu.org (full text, mbox):

From: Paul Eggert <eggert <at> cs.ucla.edu>
To: Eli Zaretskii <eliz <at> gnu.org>
Cc: lekktu <at> gmail.com, 12116 <at> debbugs.gnu.org
Subject: Re: merge from gnulib for extern-inline
Date: Thu, 02 Aug 2012 11:02:59 -0700

On 08/02/2012 08:07 AM, Eli Zaretskii wrote:
> Can you explain what it does?

The basic idea is to support globally-used inline functions
using the way established by C99 standard.  C99 does it
by putting this into a .h file:

   inline foo (int x) { return bar (x); }

and by also declaring FOO to be extern in one .c file.  In a
non-optimizing implementation FOO's machine code is generated for
that .c file, and all uses invoke that machine code.  In an optimizing
implementation, FOO is expanded inline when that makes sense,
and FOO's machine code can be optimized away if all calls to FOO are
inlined.

The way it's done in gnulib and Emacs is to use the above scheme
when C99 style extern inline works, and to fall back on 'static inline'
for older compilers, or even to plain 'static' if the compiler is so
ancient that it doesn't even grok 'inline'.  In Emacs we have the
macros:

                             e x p a n s i o n   i n :
   macro           C99            older compilers   ancient compilers
   INLINE          inline         static inline     static
   EXTERN_INLINE   extern inline  static inline     static

and the Emacs include file charset.h does this:

   #ifndef CHARSET_INLINE
   # define CHARSET_INLINE INLINE
   #endif

   CHARSET_INLINE void
   set_charset_attr (struct charset *charset, enum charset_attr_index idx,
                     Lisp_Object val)
   {
     ASET (CHARSET_ATTRIBUTES (charset), idx, val);
   }

so in C99 most users of charset.h see the function as being
'inline void'.  charset.c does this before including charset.h:

   #define CHARSET_INLINE EXTERN_INLINE

so that when it's compiled, the function is 'extern inline void'.
In pre-C99 compilers the function is 'static inline' or (if ancient)
plain 'static'.  Similarly for each .h file that uses inline functions.

Message #19 received at 12116 <at> debbugs.gnu.org (full text, mbox):

From: Eli Zaretskii <eliz <at> gnu.org>
To: Paul Eggert <eggert <at> cs.ucla.edu>
Cc: lekktu <at> gmail.com, 12116 <at> debbugs.gnu.org
Subject: Re: merge from gnulib for extern-inline
Date: Thu, 02 Aug 2012 22:49:37 +0300

> Date: Thu, 02 Aug 2012 11:02:59 -0700
> From: Paul Eggert <eggert <at> cs.ucla.edu>
> CC: 12116 <at> debbugs.gnu.org, lekktu <at> gmail.com
> 
>                              e x p a n s i o n   i n :
>    macro           C99            older compilers   ancient compilers
>    INLINE          inline         static inline     static
>    EXTERN_INLINE   extern inline  static inline     static
> 
> and the Emacs include file charset.h does this:
> 
>    #ifndef CHARSET_INLINE
>    # define CHARSET_INLINE INLINE
>    #endif
> 
>    CHARSET_INLINE void
>    set_charset_attr (struct charset *charset, enum charset_attr_index idx,
>                      Lisp_Object val)
>    {
>      ASET (CHARSET_ATTRIBUTES (charset), idx, val);
>    }
> 
> so in C99 most users of charset.h see the function as being
> 'inline void'.  charset.c does this before including charset.h:
> 
>    #define CHARSET_INLINE EXTERN_INLINE
> 
> so that when it's compiled, the function is 'extern inline void'.
> In pre-C99 compilers the function is 'static inline' or (if ancient)
> plain 'static'.  Similarly for each .h file that uses inline functions.

OK, but what's the story with the addition of stat-time.c,
utimespec.c, and u64.c, which just include the respective headers?
Where and how are these used, and for what purposes?

I understood the extern inline stuff, I just don't get why are these
*.c files introduced.

Message #22 received at 12116 <at> debbugs.gnu.org (full text, mbox):

From: Paul Eggert <eggert <at> cs.ucla.edu>
To: Eli Zaretskii <eliz <at> gnu.org>
Cc: lekktu <at> gmail.com, 12116 <at> debbugs.gnu.org
Subject: Re: merge from gnulib for extern-inline
Date: Thu, 02 Aug 2012 14:20:13 -0700

On 08/02/2012 12:49 PM, Eli Zaretskii wrote:
> what's the story with the addition of stat-time.c,
> utimespec.c, and u64.c, which just include the respective headers?
> Where and how are these used, and for what purposes?

These .c files instantiate the inline functions defined in
their respective headers, by declaring them to be extern inline.
Without these .c files, if a compiler decides not to inline one
of those functions when compiling some other module, there might
not be any code that actually implements the function.

Message #25 received at 12116 <at> debbugs.gnu.org (full text, mbox):

From: Eli Zaretskii <eliz <at> gnu.org>
To: Paul Eggert <eggert <at> cs.ucla.edu>
Cc: lekktu <at> gmail.com, 12116 <at> debbugs.gnu.org
Subject: Re: merge from gnulib for extern-inline
Date: Fri, 03 Aug 2012 14:09:19 +0300

> Date: Thu, 02 Aug 2012 14:20:13 -0700
> From: Paul Eggert <eggert <at> cs.ucla.edu>
> CC: 12116 <at> debbugs.gnu.org, lekktu <at> gmail.com
> 
> On 08/02/2012 12:49 PM, Eli Zaretskii wrote:
> > what's the story with the addition of stat-time.c,
> > utimespec.c, and u64.c, which just include the respective headers?
> > Where and how are these used, and for what purposes?
> 
> These .c files instantiate the inline functions defined in
> their respective headers, by declaring them to be extern inline.
> Without these .c files, if a compiler decides not to inline one
> of those functions when compiling some other module, there might
> not be any code that actually implements the function.

Thanks.

Previous Next

GNU bug tracking system
Copyright (C) 1999 Darren O. Benham, 1997,2003 nCipher Corporation Ltd, 1994-97 Ian Jackson.