GNU bug report logs - #79514
31.0.50; ispell-find-aspell-dictionaries should filter dups from "aspell dicts"

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Package: emacs; Reported by: Jens Schmidt <jschmidt4gnu@HIDDEN>; dated Thu, 25 Sep 2025 19:07:02 UTC; Maintainer for emacs is bug-gnu-emacs@HIDDEN.

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From: Lockywolf <for_emacs_1@HIDDEN>
To: Jens Schmidt <jschmidt4gnu@HIDDEN>
Subject: Re: 31.0.50; ispell-find-aspell-dictionaries should filter dups
 from "aspell dicts"
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Date: Thu, 02 Oct 2025 19:56:01 +0800
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Jens Schmidt <jschmidt4gnu@HIDDEN> writes:

> For Debian, the de_XX.alias and de_XX.multi should be identically:
>
>   [~]$ cat /usr/lib/aspell/de_DE.alias
>   add de_DE.multi
>   [~]$ cat /usr/lib/aspell/de_DE.multi
>   add de-common.rws
>   add de_DE-only.rws
>
> So it does not really matter which one of the both "de_DE"s you
> choose.  This might be as well a packaging issue.  I'll open a
> Debian bug on that on Monday.
>
> Regardless of that, I think Emacs should remove these duplicates,
> since aspell variants that produce these duplicates are out there
> in the wild.  I've attached a patch for that, Lockywolf and Eli,
> WDYT?  (Not surprisingly, that patch makes the first of the test
> failures go away.)

I do not think this is an issue that should be solved on the Emacs's
side.  There are many ways in which the backend's installation can be
mangled by the installing party (the distribution probably), we cannot
expect to compensate for all such issues.

Moreover, imagine that the contents of de_DE.alias were like this:
add en_EN.multi (presumably my mistake).

This would have created a dictionary with an identical name, but a
totally different meaning. So if the first one is selected, the
experience would be totally broken, and if the second one is selected,
the mistake would forever go unnoticed. I do not think we should no it.


> Your patch unfortunately does not help in the case of the ispell
> problem (nor does the updated one you sent today).  You seem to
> assume in at least one place that there is always an English
> dictionary called "english".  With Debian, neither of these
> assumptions is true: There is not necessarily an English
> dictionary (true for ispell, aspell, or hunspell), and if there
> is one, it is not necessarily called "english" (this one is only
> true for ispell).

Fair enough, I need to think more about how to select the default
dictionary better.

> Here is a minimal, docker-based test case to demonstrate that:

Thank you!

>   # no dictionary at all for ispell
>   root@d345dec430e1:/# ispell -a
>   Can't open /usr/lib/ispell/default.hash

This is clearly a bug in Debian. I am not sure how their "recommends"
system works, but ispell is always expecting that at least its default
dictionary is present (by default it is called "americanmed"). This
"can't open" happens not because we, as the users, forgot to give it
some required parameter, but because the installation is broken, and the
built-in defaults do not work.

>   # no dictionary at all for aspell
>   root@d345dec430e1:/# aspell -a
>   Error: No word lists can be found for the language "en_US".

Same argument. We are not giving aspell any invalid setting or a broken
path, we are asking it to launch with its default (presumably,
minimally-working) settings, so if it is broken with such settings, it
is the packager's problem.

>   # only German dictionary for hunspell
>   root@d345dec430e1:/# hunspell -a
>   Can't open affix or dictionary files for dictionary named "default".

Same argument. A program should work according to its reasonable
defaults as implied by the developer setting reasonable defaults.

>   apt -y install ibritish iamerican
>
>   # british: yes, american: yes, default: yes (american), english: NO
>   root@d345dec430e1:/# echo colour | ispell -a -d british
>   @(#) International Ispell Version 3.4.06 30 Oct 2023
>   *
>
>   root@d345dec430e1:/# echo color | ispell -a -d american
>   @(#) International Ispell Version 3.4.06 30 Oct 2023
>   *
>
>   root@d345dec430e1:/# echo color | ispell -a -d default
>   @(#) International Ispell Version 3.4.06 30 Oct 2023
>   *
>
>   root@d345dec430e1:/# echo color | ispell -a -d english
>   Can't open /usr/lib/ispell/english.hash

I think that these tests are missing the point. Of course there might be
some dictionaries other than the default available. (The second example
would not work with ispell.el as it is at the moment, because "default"
has special meaning for ispell.el.) But the engine, as it is developed
by the developer, is expected to be behaving according to the
developer's intentions and in accordance with the official
documentation. Could you show your
"ispell -vv | grep -E '(DEFHASH|DEFLANG)'", so that we could see which
dictionary is actually the default for ispell in Debian?

> The following patch searches for "english", "british", "american"
> and, if none of these is present, skips the (otherwise) failing
> test.

Sorry, but I think your patch sort of misses the point. You are probably
right that it might be not correct to rely on actually having a
dictionary called "ispell", but this test is not doing anything
english-specific and not testing ispell.el's performance with English.
If you look at this test more carefully, you will see that it is
imitating a plain-text file with "english" set as a buffer-local
dictionary specification. Even if you have no English dictionary on your
machine, you could have received such a file from your friend over
email. So in fact you have found a bug, but it is not a bug in ispell
tests, it is a bug in ispell.el, in that given a valid file with a valid
buffer-local dictionary, it produces an error.

I think that it would be better if you file a separate bug with Emacs,
this time not with ispell-tests, but with ispell.el itself, and say
something like this:

"I am editing a file received from Lockywolf over email, which looks the
following":

#+begin_example
[comment]: <>(-*- mode:markdown; -*-)

This is a test.

[comment]: <>( Local IspellDict: english )
#+end_example

"I have flyspell-mode enabled, because I want all my texts to be
perfect, but flyspell cannot start the spellchecker on visiting this
file with a cryptic error message. Could you fix this?"

=2D-=20
Your sincerely,
Vladimir Nikishkin (MiEr, lockywolf)
(Laptop)

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Subject: Re: 31.0.50; ispell-find-aspell-dictionaries should filter dups from
 "aspell dicts"
To: Lockywolf <for_emacs_1@HIDDEN>, Eli Zaretskii <eliz@HIDDEN>
References: <175724665403.6018.1750734078039941115@HIDDEN>
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On 2025-09-26  04:52, Lockywolf wrote:

> 1. Regarding Aspell:
> So yeah, apparently the common practice by distro developers is to give
> each dictionary a separate name. This probably is a bug in Aspell,
> though, not in Debian, because even if "aspell dump dicts" produces
> de_AT twice, how would it know which one to select when called with -d?

For Debian, the de_XX.alias and de_XX.multi should be identically:

  [~]$ cat /usr/lib/aspell/de_DE.alias
  add de_DE.multi
  [~]$ cat /usr/lib/aspell/de_DE.multi
  add de-common.rws
  add de_DE-only.rws

So it does not really matter which one of the both "de_DE"s you
choose.  This might be as well a packaging issue.  I'll open a
Debian bug on that on Monday.

Regardless of that, I think Emacs should remove these duplicates,
since aspell variants that produce these duplicates are out there
in the wild.  I've attached a patch for that, Lockywolf and Eli,
WDYT?  (Not surprisingly, that patch makes the first of the test
failures go away.)

> 2. Regarding ispell:
> 
> Could you re-run the tests with the patch I have also sent to Alan
> Mackenzie, please? I have introduced a few robustness improvements.

Your patch unfortunately does not help in the case of the ispell
problem (nor does the updated one you sent today).  You seem to
assume in at least one place that there is always an English
dictionary called "english".  With Debian, neither of these
assumptions is true: There is not necessarily an English
dictionary (true for ispell, aspell, or hunspell), and if there
is one, it is not necessarily called "english" (this one is only
true for ispell).

Here is a minimal, docker-based test case to demonstrate that:

  docker run -it --rm debian:trixie
  apt update
  # required to silence some warnings during installation
  apt -y install dialog whiptail

  # one can install ispell and aspell completely w/o
  # dictionaries, hunspell requires at least some dictionary
  apt -y install --no-install-recommends ispell aspell hunspell hunspell-de-de-frami

  # no dictionary at all for ispell
  root@d345dec430e1:/# ispell -a
  Can't open /usr/lib/ispell/default.hash

  # no dictionary at all for aspell
  root@d345dec430e1:/# aspell -a
  Error: No word lists can be found for the language "en_US".

  # only German dictionary for hunspell
  root@d345dec430e1:/# hunspell -a
  Can't open affix or dictionary files for dictionary named "default".

  apt -y install ibritish iamerican

  # british: yes, american: yes, default: yes (american), english: NO
  root@d345dec430e1:/# echo colour | ispell -a -d british
  @(#) International Ispell Version 3.4.06 30 Oct 2023
  *

  root@d345dec430e1:/# echo color | ispell -a -d american
  @(#) International Ispell Version 3.4.06 30 Oct 2023
  *

  root@d345dec430e1:/# echo color | ispell -a -d default
  @(#) International Ispell Version 3.4.06 30 Oct 2023
  *

  root@d345dec430e1:/# echo color | ispell -a -d english
  Can't open /usr/lib/ispell/english.hash

The following patch searches for "english", "british", "american"
and, if none of these is present, skips the (otherwise) failing
test.

diff --git a/test/lisp/textmodes/ispell-tests/ispell-tests.el b/test/lisp/textmodes/ispell-tests/ispell-tests.el
index d4f3c281e95..f9d18d695b5 100644
--- a/test/lisp/textmodes/ispell-tests/ispell-tests.el
+++ b/test/lisp/textmodes/ispell-tests/ispell-tests.el
@@ -775,7 +775,17 @@ ispell/ispell-accept-buffer-local-defs/simple
   (with-environment-variables (("HOME" temporary-file-directory))
     (with-temp-buffer
       (letopt ((ispell-program-name (ispell-tests--some-backend)))
-        (let ((test-dictname "english")
+        ;; Not all distributions deliver an English dictionary called
+        ;; "english".  Try the most reasonable English variants, and if
+        ;; none of these is good enough, skip this test.
+        (let ((test-dictname (catch 'found
+                               (dolist (lang '("english" "british" "american"))
+                                 (when (equal 0
+                                              (call-process
+                                               ispell-program-name
+                                               nil nil nil "-a" "-d" lang))
+                                   (throw 'found lang)))
+                               (skip-when t)))
               (test-extcharmode "~latin3")
               (test-parser "~testparser")
               (test-localword1 "aaaaaaaaaaaaa")

That patch makes the second of my test failures go away.

WDYT?
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Cgo=

--------------YQ3hvD3CnQGdZk0wOR8Ww31y--
Information forwarded to bug-gnu-emacs@HIDDEN:
bug#79514; Package emacs. Full text available.

Message received at 79514 <at> debbugs.gnu.org:


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From: Lockywolf <for_emacs_1@HIDDEN>
To: Jens Schmidt <jschmidt4gnu@HIDDEN>
Subject: Re: 31.0.50; ispell-find-aspell-dictionaries should filter dups
 from "aspell dicts"
In-Reply-To: <87segaavjd.fsf@HIDDEN>
References: <175724665403.6018.1750734078039941115@HIDDEN>
 <20250907120419.0C700C008BB@HIDDEN>
 <87wm67h5q8.fsf@HIDDEN> <87segvrqo8.fsf@HIDDEN>
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Lockywolf <for_emacs_1@HIDDEN> writes:

1. Regarding Aspell:

On my machine, I have:

find /usr/lib64/aspell/ -regex '.*\/de.*'
/usr/lib64/aspell/de-common.rws
/usr/lib64/aspell/de.multi
/usr/lib64/aspell/de_phonet.dat
/usr/lib64/aspell/de_CH.multi
/usr/lib64/aspell/de_CH-only.rws
/usr/lib64/aspell/deutsch.alias
/usr/lib64/aspell/de_DE.multi
/usr/lib64/aspell/de.dat
/usr/lib64/aspell/de_DE-only.rws
/usr/lib64/aspell/de_affix.dat
/usr/lib64/aspell/de_AT-only.rws
/usr/lib64/aspell/de_AT.multi

and for English, which is more abundant:

/usr/lib64/aspell/en_GB-variant_0.multi
/usr/lib64/aspell/en_GB-variant_0.rws
/usr/lib64/aspell/en_GB-variant_1.multi
/usr/lib64/aspell/en_GB-variant_1.rws
/usr/lib64/aspell/en_GB-w_accents.multi
/usr/lib64/aspell/en_GB-wo_accents.multi
/usr/lib64/aspell/en_GB.multi
/usr/lib64/aspell/en_US-variant_0.multi
/usr/lib64/aspell/en_US-variant_1.multi
/usr/lib64/aspell/en_US-w_accents-only.rws
/usr/lib64/aspell/en_US-w_accents.multi
/usr/lib64/aspell/en_US-wo_accents-only.rws
/usr/lib64/aspell/en_US-wo_accents.multi
/usr/lib64/aspell/en_US.multi
/usr/lib64/aspell/en_affix.dat
/usr/lib64/aspell/en_phonet.dat
/usr/lib64/aspell/english-variant_0.alias
/usr/lib64/aspell/english-variant_1.alias
/usr/lib64/aspell/english-variant_2.alias
/usr/lib64/aspell/english-w_accents.alias
/usr/lib64/aspell/english-wo_accents.alias
/usr/lib64/aspell/english.alias

where ".alias" files are mostly just similar to:
add en-variant_0.multi

So yeah, apparently the common practice by distro developers is to give
each dictionary a separate name. This probably is a bug in Aspell,
though, not in Debian, because even if "aspell dump dicts" produces
de_AT twice, how would it know which one to select when called with -d?

2. Regarding ispell:

Could you re-run the tests with the patch I have also sent to Alan
Mackenzie, please? I have introduced a few robustness improvements.

(Attaching it here anyway, no need to search the mailing list for the
patch.)


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--==-=-=--

--=-=-=
Content-Type: text/x-patch
Content-Disposition: attachment;
 filename=0001-Fix-detecting-a-working-hunspell-on-systems-without-.patch

From 339003c9db6a4d48734f199e955e2d9caa26a8f8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Lockywolf <for_emacs_1@HIDDEN>
Date: Mon, 22 Sep 2025 12:46:03 +0800
Subject: [PATCH] Fix detecting a working hunspell on systems without a
 dictionary.

* test/lisp/textmodes/ispell-tests/ispell-hunspell-tests.el
  (ispell-tests-hunspell--hunspell-working): Implement checker.
  (ispell/hunspell/ispell-word/russian/check-only): Add skip-check.
  (ispell/hunspell/ispell-word/english/check-only): Add skip-check.
  (ispell/hunspell/ispell-word/language-switch/check-only): Add
  skip-check.
  (ispell/hunspell/ispell-word/russian/check-only/wrong-language): Add
  skip-check.
  (ispell/hunspell/ispell-word/multilang): Add skip-check.

* test/lisp/textmodes/ispell-tests/ispell-tests-common.el
  (fake-aspell-path): Improve checking that an engine works.
  (letopt): Make restoring variables more robust.
---
 .../ispell-tests/ispell-hunspell-tests.el       | 16 ++++++++++++++--
 .../ispell-tests/ispell-tests-common.el         | 17 ++++++++++-------
 2 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/test/lisp/textmodes/ispell-tests/ispell-hunspell-tests.el b/test/lisp/textmodes/ispell-tests/ispell-hunspell-tests.el
index 18206b08608..530a542ef1d 100644
--- a/test/lisp/textmodes/ispell-tests/ispell-hunspell-tests.el
+++ b/test/lisp/textmodes/ispell-tests/ispell-hunspell-tests.el
@@ -34,12 +34,22 @@
                          load-path)))
     (require 'ispell-tests-common)))
 
+(defun ispell-tests-hunspell--hunspell-working ()
+  (if (not (equal
+            0
+            (call-process "hunspell" nil nil nil "-a")))
+      (progn
+        (message "Hunspell installation is broken and does not support a default dictionary!")
+        nil)
+    t))
+
 (ert-deftest ispell/hunspell/ispell-word/english/check-only ()
 "This test checks that Russian spellchecking works for Hunspell."
   (skip-unless (executable-find "hunspell"))
   (skip-unless (equal
                 0
                 (call-process "hunspell" nil nil nil "-vv")))
+  (skip-unless (ispell-tests-hunspell--hunspell-working))
   (skip-unless (equal
                 0
                 (with-temp-buffer
@@ -108,6 +118,7 @@ ispell/hunspell/ispell-word/russian/check-only
   (skip-unless (equal
                 0
                 (call-process "hunspell" nil nil nil "-vv")))
+  (skip-unless (ispell-tests-hunspell--hunspell-working))
   (skip-unless (equal
                 0
                 (let ((retval (with-temp-buffer
@@ -160,6 +171,7 @@ ispell/hunspell/ispell-word/language-switch/check-only
   (skip-unless (equal
                 0
                 (call-process "hunspell" nil nil nil "-vv")))
+  (skip-unless (ispell-tests-hunspell--hunspell-working))
   (skip-unless (equal
                 0
                 (with-temp-buffer
@@ -227,6 +239,7 @@ ispell/hunspell/ispell-word/russian/check-only/wrong-language
   (skip-unless (equal
                 0
                 (call-process "hunspell" nil nil nil "-vv")))
+  (skip-unless (ispell-tests-hunspell--hunspell-working))
   (skip-unless (equal
                 0
                 (with-temp-buffer
@@ -264,6 +277,7 @@ ispell/hunspell/ispell-word/multilang
   (skip-unless (equal
                 0
                 (call-process "hunspell" nil nil nil "-vv")))
+  (skip-unless (ispell-tests-hunspell--hunspell-working))
   (skip-unless (equal
                 0
                 (with-temp-buffer
@@ -336,7 +350,5 @@ ispell/hunspell/ispell-word/multilang
           ))))
 )
 
-
-
 (provide 'ispell-hunspell-tests)
 ;;; ispell-hunspell-tests.el ends here
diff --git a/test/lisp/textmodes/ispell-tests/ispell-tests-common.el b/test/lisp/textmodes/ispell-tests/ispell-tests-common.el
index 0692e11e567..801bb6e6b6f 100644
--- a/test/lisp/textmodes/ispell-tests/ispell-tests-common.el
+++ b/test/lisp/textmodes/ispell-tests/ispell-tests-common.el
@@ -21,10 +21,9 @@ fake-aspell-path
                            (lambda (b)
                              (and
                               (executable-find b)
-                              ;; (equal 0
-                              ;;        (with-temp-buffer
-                              ;;          (call-process b nil t "-v")))
-                              ))
+                              (equal 0
+                                     (with-temp-buffer
+                                       (call-process b nil t "-a")))))
                            backend-binaries)))
 
   (defun ispell-tests--some-backend-available-p ()
@@ -42,14 +41,18 @@ letopt
   (declare (indent 1))
   (let* ((binding-var (lambda (binding) (car binding)))
 	 (binding-val (lambda (binding) (cadr binding)))
-	 (make-setopt (lambda (a b)
-			(list 'setopt a b)))
+	 (make-setopt
+          (lambda (a b)
+	    (list 'setopt a b)))
+         (add-ignore-errors
+          (lambda (a)
+            (list 'ignore-errors a)))
 	 (vars (seq-map binding-var bindings))
 	 (values (seq-map binding-val bindings))
 	 (temp-vars (seq-map #'gensym vars))
 	 (savebindings (seq-mapn #'list temp-vars vars))
 	 (tempbindings (seq-mapn make-setopt vars values))
-	 (restorebindings (seq-mapn make-setopt vars temp-vars)))
+	 (restorebindings (seq-mapn add-ignore-errors (seq-mapn make-setopt vars temp-vars))))
     `(let ,savebindings
        (unwind-protect (progn ,@tempbindings
 			      ,@body)
-- 
2.46.4


--=-=-=
Content-Type: text/plain



-- 
Your sincerely,
Vladimir Nikishkin (MiEr, lockywolf)
(Laptop)

>  LocalWords:  distro

--=-=-=--
Information forwarded to bug-gnu-emacs@HIDDEN:
bug#79514; Package emacs. Full text available.

Message received at 79514 <at> debbugs.gnu.org:


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From: Lockywolf <for_emacs_1@HIDDEN>
To: Jens Schmidt <jschmidt4gnu@HIDDEN>
Subject: Re: 31.0.50; ispell-find-aspell-dictionaries should filter dups
 from "aspell dicts"
In-Reply-To: <5d6115f2-0c03-45ce-8368-bca704ed1057@HIDDEN>
References: <175724665403.6018.1750734078039941115@HIDDEN>
 <20250907120419.0C700C008BB@HIDDEN>
 <87wm67h5q8.fsf@HIDDEN> <87segvrqo8.fsf@HIDDEN>
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 <87plbvajcm.fsf@HIDDEN> <87zfazsqfk.fsf@HIDDEN>
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 <87ldm3e6hr.fsf@HIDDEN>
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Jens Schmidt <jschmidt4gnu@HIDDEN> writes:

> On 2025-09-25  02:11, Lockywolf wrote:
>
>
> Well, I don't know whether ispell.el is at fault here, but it turns out
> that Debian's aspell already returns duplicates on "aspell dicts":
>
>   [emacs-master]$ aspell dicts
>   de
>   de-1901
>   de-neu
>   de_AT            <<<<<
>   de_AT            <<<<<
>   de_AT-neu
>   de_CH            <<<<<
>   de_CH            <<<<<
>   de_CH-1901
>   de_CH-neu
>   de_DE            <<<<<
>   de_DE            <<<<<
>   de_DE-1901
>   de_DE-neu
>   en
>   [...]
>
> Which is probably a result of its particular dictionary layout:
>
>   [emacs-master]$ ls -al /usr/lib/aspell/de_??.*
>   -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 16 Dec 17  2022 /usr/lib/aspell/de_AT.alias
>   lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 29 Feb  6  2022 /usr/lib/aspell/de_AT.multi -> /=
etc/alternatives/de_AT.multi
>   -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 16 Dec 17  2022 /usr/lib/aspell/de_CH.alias
>   lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 29 Feb  6  2022 /usr/lib/aspell/de_CH.multi -> /=
etc/alternatives/de_CH.multi
>   -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 16 Dec 17  2022 /usr/lib/aspell/de_DE.alias
>   lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 29 Feb  6  2022 /usr/lib/aspell/de_DE.multi -> /=
etc/alternatives/de_DE.multi
>
> I guess it should be easy to screen these duplicates in function
> `ispell-find-aspell-dictionaries'.  Would you care about that?
>
> I can open in parallel a bug/RFE against Debian's aspell package.

I can have a look at way aspell is looking for a dictionary.
Are those de_AT.alias and de_AT.multi representing two different
dictionaries?

> All default on Debian 12, which (IIUC) generates the hash files (below
> /var/lib) from some other representation (below /usr/lib) during package
> installation.  In general, Debian has invested a lot of effort (read as:
> a lot of installation time scripting and patches on top of the upstream
> packages) to make this spelling a more stream-lined (?) affair.

Apparently they fail :D.

> Test ispell/ispell-accept-buffer-local-defs/simple seems to fail
> since I haven't /usr/lib/ispell/english.hash on my system.

The presence of actual files is of secondary importance. You have
"english.aff", which, I presume, implies that Debian expects ispell to
work with the English language by using "ispell -d english". They
probably intended that "american.hash" be used with "english.aff". Does
"ispell -d english" work on your machine? If not, it is probably worth
filing a bug with Debian, I probably should add a check to the tests
that verifies that "ispell -d english" is working as well.

Out of curiosity, what does "ispell -vv | grep -E '(DEFHASH|DEFLANG)'"
produce on your machine?

=2D-=20
Your sincerely,
Vladimir Nikishkin (MiEr, lockywolf)
(Laptop)

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Information forwarded to bug-gnu-emacs@HIDDEN:
bug#79514; Package emacs. Full text available.

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Subject: Re: 31.0.50; ispell-find-aspell-dictionaries should filter dups from
 "aspell dicts"
To: Lockywolf <for_emacs_1@HIDDEN>
References: <175724665403.6018.1750734078039941115@HIDDEN>
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On 2025-09-25  02:11, Lockywolf wrote:

>> Turns out that ispell--aspell-found-dictionaries contains some
>> duplicates on my system:
>>
>>  ("de_AT" "[[:alpha:]]" "[^[:alpha:]]" "\\(?:\\`a\\`\\)" t
>>   ("-d" "de_AT") nil utf-8)
>>  ("de_AT" "[[:alpha:]]" "[^[:alpha:]]" "\\(?:\\`a\\`\\)" t
>>   ("-d" "de_AT") nil utf-8)
>>
>>  ("de_CH" "[[:alpha:]]" "[^[:alpha:]]" "\\(?:\\`a\\`\\)" t
>>   ("-d" "de_CH") nil utf-8)
>>  ("de_CH" "[[:alpha:]]" "[^[:alpha:]]" "\\(?:\\`a\\`\\)" t
>>   ("-d" "de_CH") nil utf-8)
>>
>>  ("de_DE" "[[:alpha:]]" "[^[:alpha:]]" "\\(?:\\`a\\`\\)" t
>>   ("-d" "de_DE") nil utf-8)
>>  ("de_DE" "[[:alpha:]]" "[^[:alpha:]]" "\\(?:\\`a\\`\\)" t
>>   ("-d" "de_DE") nil utf-8)
>>
> 
> I suspect that this is a bug with ispell.el, and we have just
> caught it with the test suite.  I think that this problem also deserves
> a separate issue, but please, tell me more specifically how to reproduce
> it. (Ideally by a Dockerfile :D, which would let me reproduce the system
> exactly on my machine, but in any case, I need more info about your
> aspell, ispell, dictionaries, and system config.)

Well, I don't know whether ispell.el is at fault here, but it turns out
that Debian's aspell already returns duplicates on "aspell dicts":

  [emacs-master]$ aspell dicts
  de
  de-1901
  de-neu
  de_AT            <<<<<
  de_AT            <<<<<
  de_AT-neu
  de_CH            <<<<<
  de_CH            <<<<<
  de_CH-1901
  de_CH-neu
  de_DE            <<<<<
  de_DE            <<<<<
  de_DE-1901
  de_DE-neu
  en
  [...]

Which is probably a result of its particular dictionary layout:

  [emacs-master]$ ls -al /usr/lib/aspell/de_??.*
  -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 16 Dec 17  2022 /usr/lib/aspell/de_AT.alias
  lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 29 Feb  6  2022 /usr/lib/aspell/de_AT.multi -> /etc/alternatives/de_AT.multi
  -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 16 Dec 17  2022 /usr/lib/aspell/de_CH.alias
  lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 29 Feb  6  2022 /usr/lib/aspell/de_CH.multi -> /etc/alternatives/de_CH.multi
  -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 16 Dec 17  2022 /usr/lib/aspell/de_DE.alias
  lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 29 Feb  6  2022 /usr/lib/aspell/de_DE.multi -> /etc/alternatives/de_DE.multi

I guess it should be easy to screen these duplicates in function
`ispell-find-aspell-dictionaries'.  Would you care about that?

I can open in parallel a bug/RFE against Debian's aspell package.
Information forwarded to bug-gnu-emacs@HIDDEN:
bug#79514; Package emacs. Full text available.

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This is intended to continue a discussion from emacs-devel,
details to follow soon.



In GNU Emacs 31.0.50 (build 1, x86_64-pc-linux-gnu, GTK+ Version
 3.24.38, cairo version 1.16.0) of 2025-09-25 built on sappc2
Repository revision: 06d87e44cb614b846f37eb25ccafce2065e2e9d2
Repository branch: master
Windowing system distributor 'The X.Org Foundation', version 11.0.12201009
System Description: Debian GNU/Linux 12 (bookworm)

Configured using:
 'configure -C --build x86_64-linux-gnu --sharedstatedir=/var/lib
 --localstatedir=/var/lib --with-cairo --with-libsystemd
 --with-mailutils --with-native-compilation --with-pop=yes
 --with-sound=alsa --with-toolkit-scroll-bars --with-x-toolkit=gtk3
 --with-x=yes --without-gconf build_alias=x86_64-linux-gnu'

Configured features:
ACL CAIRO DBUS FREETYPE GIF GLIB GMP GNUTLS GPM GSETTINGS HARFBUZZ JPEG
LCMS2 LIBOTF LIBSELINUX LIBSYSTEMD LIBXML2 M17N_FLT MODULES NATIVE_COMP
NOTIFY INOTIFY PDUMPER PNG RSVG SECCOMP SOUND THREADS TIFF
TOOLKIT_SCROLL_BARS WEBP X11 XDBE XIM XINERAMA XINPUT2 XPM XRANDR GTK3
ZLIB

Important settings:
  value of $LC_COLLATE: POSIX
  value of $LC_TIME: POSIX
  value of $LANG: en_US.UTF-8
  value of $XMODIFIERS: @im=ibus
  locale-coding-system: utf-8-unix

Major mode: Lisp Interaction

Minor modes in effect:
  tooltip-mode: t
  global-eldoc-mode: t
  eldoc-mode: t
  show-paren-mode: t
  electric-indent-mode: t
  mouse-wheel-mode: t
  tool-bar-mode: t
  menu-bar-mode: t
  file-name-shadow-mode: t
  global-font-lock-mode: t
  font-lock-mode: t
  blink-cursor-mode: t
  minibuffer-nonselected-mode: t
  minibuffer-regexp-mode: t
  line-number-mode: t
  indent-tabs-mode: t
  transient-mark-mode: t
  auto-composition-mode: t
  auto-encryption-mode: t
  auto-compression-mode: t

Load-path shadows:
None found.

Features:
(shadow sort mail-extr compile comint ansi-osc ansi-color ring comp-run
bytecomp byte-compile comp-common rx emacsbug lisp-mnt message mailcap
yank-media puny dired dired-loaddefs rfc822 mml mml-sec password-cache
epa derived epg rfc6068 epg-config gnus-util text-property-search
time-date subr-x mm-decode mm-bodies mm-encode mail-parse rfc2231
mailabbrev gmm-utils mailheader cl-loaddefs cl-lib sendmail rfc2047
rfc2045 ietf-drums mm-util mail-prsvr mail-utils rmc iso-transl tooltip
cconv eldoc paren electric uniquify ediff-hook vc-hooks lisp-float-type
elisp-mode mwheel term/x-win x-win term/common-win x-dnd touch-screen
tool-bar dnd fontset image regexp-opt fringe tabulated-list replace
newcomment text-mode lisp-mode prog-mode register page tab-bar menu-bar
rfn-eshadow isearch easymenu timer select scroll-bar mouse jit-lock
font-lock syntax font-core term/tty-colors frame minibuffer nadvice seq
simple cl-generic indonesian philippine cham georgian utf-8-lang
misc-lang vietnamese tibetan thai tai-viet lao korean japanese eucjp-ms
cp51932 hebrew greek romanian slovak czech european ethiopic indian
cyrillic chinese composite emoji-zwj charscript charprop case-table
epa-hook jka-cmpr-hook help abbrev obarray oclosure cl-preloaded button
loaddefs theme-loaddefs faces cus-face macroexp files window
text-properties overlay sha1 md5 base64 format env code-pages mule
custom widget keymap hashtable-print-readable backquote threads dbusbind
inotify lcms2 dynamic-setting system-font-setting font-render-setting
cairo gtk x-toolkit xinput2 x multi-tty move-toolbar
make-network-process tty-child-frames native-compile emacs)

Memory information:
((conses 16 91206 10713) (symbols 48 6845 0) (strings 32 25501 1810)
 (string-bytes 1 761514) (vectors 16 16908)
 (vector-slots 8 194882 7725) (floats 8 35 2) (intervals 56 325 0)
 (buffers 984 12))
Acknowledgement sent to Jens Schmidt <jschmidt4gnu@HIDDEN>:
New bug report received and forwarded. Copy sent to bug-gnu-emacs@HIDDEN. Full text available.
Report forwarded to bug-gnu-emacs@HIDDEN:
bug#79514; Package emacs. Full text available.
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