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Subject: bug#79760: Missing =?UTF-8?Q?=E2=80=98lexical-binding=E2=80=99?= cookie warning for scripts
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Hello,

I get=20

  Missing =E2=80=98lexical-binding=E2=80=99 cookie in "da-script"

warnings for scripts that have to place the cookie on the second line
because they look like this:

  #!/bin/sh
  ":"; exec emacs -Q --script "$0" -- "$@" # -*- mode: emacs-lisp; lexical-=
binding: t; -*-
  (... lisp goes here ...)

But when I visit such files, the local value of`lexical-binding' is t
as expected.

     Cheers,
     Jonas

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To: Jonas Bernoulli <jonas@HIDDEN>
Subject: bug#79760: Acknowledgement (Missing =?UTF-8?Q?=E2=80=98lexical-binding=E2=80=99?=
 cookie warning for scripts)
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Subject: bug#79760: Missing =?UTF-8?Q?=E2=80=98lexical-binding=E2=80=99?= cookie warning for scripts
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> Date: Mon, 03 Nov 2025 20:52:20 +0100
> From:  Jonas Bernoulli via "Bug reports for GNU Emacs,
>  the Swiss army knife of text editors" <bug-gnu-emacs@HIDDEN>
> 
> Hello,
> 
> I get 
> 
>   Missing ‘lexical-binding’ cookie in "da-script"
> 
> warnings for scripts that have to place the cookie on the second line
> because they look like this:
> 
>   #!/bin/sh
>   ":"; exec emacs -Q --script "$0" -- "$@" # -*- mode: emacs-lisp; lexical-binding: t; -*-
>   (... lisp goes here ...)
> 
> But when I visit such files, the local value of`lexical-binding' is t
> as expected.

You expect the part after the # to be somehow passed to the Emacs that
is executed by "exec emacs"?  That's a comment, as far as the shell is
concerned, isn't it?  The Lisp code passed to Emacs is what starts
with (... lisp goes here ...), right?  Or am I missing something?

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Subject: bug#79760: Missing =?UTF-8?Q?=E2=80=98lexical-binding=E2=80=99?= cookie warning for scripts
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Date: Mon, 03 Nov 2025 21:41:55 +0000
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"Eli Zaretskii" <eliz@HIDDEN> writes:

>> Date: Mon, 03 Nov 2025 20:52:20 +0100
>> From:  Jonas Bernoulli via "Bug reports for GNU Emacs,
>>  the Swiss army knife of text editors" <bug-gnu-emacs@HIDDEN>
>>
>> Hello,
>>
>> I get
>>
>>   Missing =E2=80=98lexical-binding=E2=80=99 cookie in "da-script"
>>
>> warnings for scripts that have to place the cookie on the second line
>> because they look like this:
>>
>>   #!/bin/sh
>>   ":"; exec emacs -Q --script "$0" -- "$@" # -*- mode: emacs-lisp; lexic=
al-binding: t; -*-
>>   (... lisp goes here ...)

Can you try putting "(message "%S" lexical-binding)" there? Unless I
made a mistake copying this, the lexical-binding cookie doesn't actually
work.

>> But when I visit such files, the local value of`lexical-binding' is t
>> as expected.

So this is the unexpected part, right?

> You expect the part after the # to be somehow passed to the Emacs that
> is executed by "exec emacs"?  That's a comment, as far as the shell is
> concerned, isn't it?

> The Lisp code passed to Emacs is what starts with (... lisp goes here
> ...), right?  Or am I missing something?

No, the entire file is passed (by name) to Emacs, including the shebang
itself. Emacs discards it in lread.c, and the second line is valid Lisp.

I don't know whether this helps, but

#!/usr/bin/env -S emacs -x
;; -*- lexical-binding: t -*-
(message "%S" lexical-binding)

appears to work on a GNU/Linux system, where the GNU coreutils env is
installed in this standard location, but only with new emacs versions.

Maybe /bin/env should be used instead. Note that this useful feature
also allows you to pass extra command line parameters to emacs.

The problem is this code in lread.c:

  if (ch !=3D ';')
    /* The first line isn't a comment, just give up.  */
    {
      unreadchar (&source, ch);
      return Cookie_None;
    }

AFAIK, no valid shell script starts with a semicolon, so there's no way
to make this work with #!/bin/sh. Using zsh instead works.

Pip

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Pip Cet <pipcet@HIDDEN> writes:

> "Eli Zaretskii" <eliz@HIDDEN> writes:
>
>>> Date: Mon, 03 Nov 2025 20:52:20 +0100
>>> From:  Jonas Bernoulli via "Bug reports for GNU Emacs,
>>>  the Swiss army knife of text editors" <bug-gnu-emacs@HIDDEN>
>>>
>>> Hello,
>>>
>>> I get
>>>
>>>   Missing =E2=80=98lexical-binding=E2=80=99 cookie in "da-script"
>>>
>>> warnings for scripts that have to place the cookie on the second line
>>> because they look like this:
>>>
>>>   #!/bin/sh
>>>   ":"; exec emacs -Q --script "$0" -- "$@" # -*- mode: emacs-lisp; lexi=
cal-binding: t; -*-
>>>   (... lisp goes here ...)
>
> Can you try putting "(message "%S" lexical-binding)" there? Unless I
> made a mistake copying this, the lexical-binding cookie doesn't actually
> work.

Yes you are absolutely right.
(Sorry, could not resist.  I am in fact a human.)

>>> But when I visit such files, the local value of`lexical-binding' is t
>>> as expected.
>
> So this is the unexpected part, right?

In a way, yes.  What I would like to do is to set the value and then
have that choice respected when the file is executed as a script and
also when it is visited in a buffer.  When doing what I have done
above, it is not respected in the first case but not in the second.
That's worse than if this setting were just never respected.

>> You expect the part after the # to be somehow passed to the Emacs that
>> is executed by "exec emacs"?  That's a comment, as far as the shell is
>> concerned, isn't it?
>
>> The Lisp code passed to Emacs is what starts with (... lisp goes here
>> ...), right?  Or am I missing something?
>
> No, the entire file is passed (by name) to Emacs, including the shebang
> itself. Emacs discards it in lread.c, and the second line is valid Lisp.
>
> I don't know whether this helps, but
>
> #!/usr/bin/env -S emacs -x
> ;; -*- lexical-binding: t -*-
> (message "%S" lexical-binding)

I completely forgot about that (emacs -x).  For the record, that was
added in Emacs 29.1.  I going to use this instead of the hack above.

> appears to work on a GNU/Linux system, where the GNU coreutils env is
> installed in this standard location, but only with new emacs versions.

Setting lexical-binding does not seem to work on GNU GUIX using Emacs
31.0.50.  On this distribution "/usr/bin/env" is a symlink to something
like "/gnu/store/f2rcir6yz0n74jaa6d0fm82f8flmwjnk-coreutils-9.1/bin/env".
Even if I use that explicitly, lexical-binding is still nil.

> Maybe /bin/env should be used instead. Note that this useful feature
> also allows you to pass extra command line parameters to emacs.
>
> The problem is this code in lread.c:
>
>   if (ch !=3D ';')
>     /* The first line isn't a comment, just give up.  */
>     {
>       unreadchar (&source, ch);
>       return Cookie_None;
>     }
>
> AFAIK, no valid shell script starts with a semicolon, so there's no way
> to make this work with #!/bin/sh. Using zsh instead works.

Seems to me this should be changed to also look at the second line
(at least when using "emacs -x").

By the way --and that's just something I though of right now-- maybe
this is an opportunity to *always* look at the second line as well.
That way, one could replace

  ;;; this-library-has-a-long-name.el --- And it also needs a long descript=
ion  -*- mode: lexical-binding: t;

with

  ;;; this-library-has-a-long-name.el --- And it also needs a long descript=
ion
  ;; -*- lexical-binding: t;

(Of course we would not be able to actually use this for a few years,
except in new libraries that need at least Emacs 31 for other reasons
anyway.)

>
> Pip

     Thanks!
     Jonas

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"Jonas Bernoulli" <jonas@HIDDEN> writes:

> Pip Cet <pipcet@HIDDEN> writes:
>
>> "Eli Zaretskii" <eliz@HIDDEN> writes:
>>
>>>> Date: Mon, 03 Nov 2025 20:52:20 +0100
>>>> From:  Jonas Bernoulli via "Bug reports for GNU Emacs,
>>>>  the Swiss army knife of text editors" <bug-gnu-emacs@HIDDEN>
>>>>
>>>> Hello,
>>>>
>>>> I get
>>>>
>>>>   Missing =E2=80=98lexical-binding=E2=80=99 cookie in "da-script"
>>>>
>>>> warnings for scripts that have to place the cookie on the second line
>>>> because they look like this:
>>>>
>>>>   #!/bin/sh
>>>>   ":"; exec emacs -Q --script "$0" -- "$@" # -*- mode: emacs-lisp; lex=
ical-binding: t; -*-
>>>>   (... lisp goes here ...)
>>
>> Can you try putting "(message "%S" lexical-binding)" there? Unless I
>> made a mistake copying this, the lexical-binding cookie doesn't actually
>> work.
>
> Yes you are absolutely right.
> (Sorry, could not resist.  I am in fact a human.)
>
>>>> But when I visit such files, the local value of`lexical-binding' is t
>>>> as expected.
>>
>> So this is the unexpected part, right?
>
> In a way, yes.  What I would like to do is to set the value and then
> have that choice respected when the file is executed as a script and
> also when it is visited in a buffer.  When doing what I have done
> above, it is not respected in the first case but not in the second.
> That's worse than if this setting were just never respected.

I agree.

>>> You expect the part after the # to be somehow passed to the Emacs that
>>> is executed by "exec emacs"?  That's a comment, as far as the shell is
>>> concerned, isn't it?
>>
>>> The Lisp code passed to Emacs is what starts with (... lisp goes here
>>> ...), right?  Or am I missing something?
>>
>> No, the entire file is passed (by name) to Emacs, including the shebang
>> itself. Emacs discards it in lread.c, and the second line is valid Lisp.
>>
>> I don't know whether this helps, but
>>
>> #!/usr/bin/env -S emacs -x
>> ;; -*- lexical-binding: t -*-
>> (message "%S" lexical-binding)
>
> I completely forgot about that (emacs -x).  For the record, that was
> added in Emacs 29.1.  I going to use this instead of the hack above.

If it worked, that would be a good idea :-)

>> appears to work on a GNU/Linux system, where the GNU coreutils env is
>> installed in this standard location, but only with new emacs versions.
>
> Setting lexical-binding does not seem to work on GNU GUIX using Emacs
> 31.0.50.  On this distribution "/usr/bin/env" is a symlink to something
> like "/gnu/store/f2rcir6yz0n74jaa6d0fm82f8flmwjnk-coreutils-9.1/bin/env".
> Even if I use that explicitly, lexical-binding is still nil.

#!/usr/bin/env -S emacs --batch -l

works.

#!/usr/bin/env -S emacs -x

doesn't work.

This appears to be because of the code in startup.el.

I would not want to actually touch this code; I think we should merely
document the current behavior rather than changing it.

>> Maybe /bin/env should be used instead. Note that this useful feature
>> also allows you to pass extra command line parameters to emacs.
>>
>> The problem is this code in lread.c:
>>
>>   if (ch !=3D ';')
>>     /* The first line isn't a comment, just give up.  */
>>     {
>>       unreadchar (&source, ch);
>>       return Cookie_None;
>>     }
>>
>> AFAIK, no valid shell script starts with a semicolon, so there's no way
>> to make this work with #!/bin/sh. Using zsh instead works.
>
> Seems to me this should be changed to also look at the second line
> (at least when using "emacs -x").

I don't think we reach this code at all for emacs -x.

> By the way --and that's just something I though of right now-- maybe
> this is an opportunity to *always* look at the second line as well.
> That way, one could replace
>
>   ;;; this-library-has-a-long-name.el --- And it also needs a long descri=
ption  -*- mode: lexical-binding: t;
>
> with
>
>   ;;; this-library-has-a-long-name.el --- And it also needs a long descri=
ption
>   ;; -*- lexical-binding: t;
>
> (Of course we would not be able to actually use this for a few years,
> except in new libraries that need at least Emacs 31 for other reasons
> anyway.)

Maybe that's a good idea, but I think our priority here should be to
find a reliable way to run a shebang Elisp script with lexical binding
and document it.

Pip

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> Date: Wed, 05 Nov 2025 11:29:42 +0000
> From: Pip Cet <pipcet@HIDDEN>
> Cc: Eli Zaretskii <eliz@HIDDEN>, 79760 <at> debbugs.gnu.org
> 
> Maybe that's a good idea, but I think our priority here should be to
> find a reliable way to run a shebang Elisp script with lexical binding
> and document it.

Why cannot the Lisp script begin with something like

  (setq-default lexical-binding t)

?

In general, given that our long-term goal is to make lexical-binding
be non-nil by default, I'd prefer not to complicate Emacs due to
temporary problems that soon will go away.

Stefan, WDYT?

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> Why cannot the Lisp script begin with something like
>
>   (setq-default lexical-binding t)
>
> ?
>
> In general, given that our long-term goal is to make lexical-binding
> be non-nil by default, I'd prefer not to complicate Emacs due to
> temporary problems that soon will go away.
> Stefan, WDYT?

I'd suggest to side-step the problem and change the default value of
`lexical-binding` to t when loading a script with `-x` or
`--script`, indeed.


        Stefan

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> From: Stefan Monnier <monnier@HIDDEN>
> Cc: Pip Cet <pipcet@HIDDEN>,  79760 <at> debbugs.gnu.org,  jonas@HIDDEN
> Date: Wed, 05 Nov 2025 15:38:04 -0500
> 
> > Why cannot the Lisp script begin with something like
> >
> >   (setq-default lexical-binding t)
> >
> > ?
> >
> > In general, given that our long-term goal is to make lexical-binding
> > be non-nil by default, I'd prefer not to complicate Emacs due to
> > temporary problems that soon will go away.
> > Stefan, WDYT?
> 
> I'd suggest to side-step the problem and change the default value of
> `lexical-binding` to t when loading a script with `-x` or
> `--script`, indeed.

OK, but let's then document that a script that wants to use dynamic
binding, it should use something like

  (setq-default lexical-binding nil)

in its first line.

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From: Pip Cet <pipcet@HIDDEN>
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"Eli Zaretskii" <eliz@HIDDEN> writes:

>> Date: Wed, 05 Nov 2025 11:29:42 +0000
>> From: Pip Cet <pipcet@HIDDEN>
>> Cc: Eli Zaretskii <eliz@HIDDEN>, 79760 <at> debbugs.gnu.org
>>
>> Maybe that's a good idea, but I think our priority here should be to
>> find a reliable way to run a shebang Elisp script with lexical binding
>> and document it.
>
> Why cannot the Lisp script begin with something like
>
>   (setq-default lexical-binding t)
>
> ?

In general, that doesn't work:

#!/usr/bin/env -S emacs -Q --batch -l
(setq-default lexical-binding t)
(let ((x 3))
  (setq closure (lambda () (cl-incf x))))
(message "%S" (let ((x 42)) (funcall closure)))

produces "43" here, but should produce "4", if the lexical-binding setq
were effective.

My understanding was that the lexical-binding cookie needs to be set at
read time, not just when the code executes, because of macro expansion.

Note that "-scriptload" (aka --script) and "-scripteval" (aka -x) behave
differently here: scriptload starts by removing the #! line (throwing
off all line numbers for future errors), then calls eval-buffer.
scripteval reads and executes forms one by one, which means the
setq-default thing appears to work.

Pip

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Date: Thu, 06 Nov 2025 10:33:06 +0200
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From: Eli Zaretskii <eliz@HIDDEN>
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> Date: Thu, 06 Nov 2025 08:07:20 +0000
> From: Pip Cet <pipcet@HIDDEN>
> Cc: Stefan Monnier <monnier@HIDDEN>, jonas@HIDDEN, 79760 <at> debbugs.gnu.org
> 
> "Eli Zaretskii" <eliz@HIDDEN> writes:
> 
> > Why cannot the Lisp script begin with something like
> >
> >   (setq-default lexical-binding t)
> >
> > ?
> 
> In general, that doesn't work:
> 
> #!/usr/bin/env -S emacs -Q --batch -l
> (setq-default lexical-binding t)
> (let ((x 3))
>   (setq closure (lambda () (cl-incf x))))
> (message "%S" (let ((x 42)) (funcall closure)))
> 
> produces "43" here, but should produce "4", if the lexical-binding setq
> were effective.
> 
> My understanding was that the lexical-binding cookie needs to be set at
> read time, not just when the code executes, because of macro expansion.

That probably means we will need to introduce a command-line option
(or maybe just using --eval will do?) to allow scripts to be run with
dynamic binding in effect.  Because even if we make lexical-binding
non-nil in --script, we still need to allow dynamic binding when it's
needed.  Any other ideas?

> Note that "-scriptload" (aka --script) and "-scripteval" (aka -x) behave
> differently here: scriptload starts by removing the #! line (throwing
> off all line numbers for future errors), then calls eval-buffer.
> scripteval reads and executes forms one by one, which means the
> setq-default thing appears to work.

Maybe a bug to fix, or at least a subtlety to document, right?

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>> My understanding was that the lexical-binding cookie needs to be set at
>> read time, not just when the code executes, because of macro expansion.
>
> That probably means we will need to introduce a command-line option
> (or maybe just using --eval will do?) to allow scripts to be run with
> dynamic binding in effect.  Because even if we make lexical-binding
> non-nil in --script, we still need to allow dynamic binding when it's
> needed.  Any other ideas?

We could provide a macro

    (defmacro with-lexical-binding (lexbind &rest code)
      (declare (indent 1) (debug t))
      `(eval ',(macroexp-progn code) ,lexbind))

So they could wrap their code inside

    (with-lexical-binding nil
      ...)

Of course, experience tells us that for the vast majority of cases,
changing the default of `lexical-binding` has no visible effect anyway.


        Stefan

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> From: Stefan Monnier <monnier@HIDDEN>
> Cc: Pip Cet <pipcet@HIDDEN>,  jonas@HIDDEN,  79760 <at> debbugs.gnu.org
> Date: Thu, 06 Nov 2025 07:49:12 -0500
> 
> >> My understanding was that the lexical-binding cookie needs to be set at
> >> read time, not just when the code executes, because of macro expansion.
> >
> > That probably means we will need to introduce a command-line option
> > (or maybe just using --eval will do?) to allow scripts to be run with
> > dynamic binding in effect.  Because even if we make lexical-binding
> > non-nil in --script, we still need to allow dynamic binding when it's
> > needed.  Any other ideas?
> 
> We could provide a macro
> 
>     (defmacro with-lexical-binding (lexbind &rest code)
>       (declare (indent 1) (debug t))
>       `(eval ',(macroexp-progn code) ,lexbind))
> 
> So they could wrap their code inside
> 
>     (with-lexical-binding nil
>       ...)

Should be fine, I think.

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Eli Zaretskii [2025-11-06 15:17:34] wrote:

>> From: Stefan Monnier <monnier@HIDDEN>
>> Cc: Pip Cet <pipcet@HIDDEN>,  jonas@HIDDEN,  79760 <at> debbugs.gnu.org
>> Date: Thu, 06 Nov 2025 07:49:12 -0500
>> 
>> >> My understanding was that the lexical-binding cookie needs to be set at
>> >> read time, not just when the code executes, because of macro expansion.
>> >
>> > That probably means we will need to introduce a command-line option
>> > (or maybe just using --eval will do?) to allow scripts to be run with
>> > dynamic binding in effect.  Because even if we make lexical-binding
>> > non-nil in --script, we still need to allow dynamic binding when it's
>> > needed.  Any other ideas?
>> 
>> We could provide a macro
>> 
>>     (defmacro with-lexical-binding (lexbind &rest code)
>>       (declare (indent 1) (debug t))
>>       `(eval ',(macroexp-progn code) ,lexbind))
>> 
>> So they could wrap their code inside
>> 
>>     (with-lexical-binding nil
>>       ...)
>
> Should be fine, I think.

Actually, it's just as easy to use `eval`, so maybe the patch below is
all we need?


        Stefan


diff --git a/etc/NEWS b/etc/NEWS
index 9243db67bce..eb1ffeed5ba 100644
--- a/etc/NEWS
+++ b/etc/NEWS
@@ -3037,6 +3037,15 @@ and blocks Emacs, or does not provide ways to limit how often it runs.
 
 * Incompatible Lisp Changes in Emacs 31.1
 
+** Files loaded from '-x' and '--script' now use lexical binding.
+If you don't have time to adapt your script's code to the lexical
+binding dialect (see (info "(elisp)Converting to Lexical Binding")),
+you can wrap your code in:
+
+    #!/usr/bin/emacs --script
+    (eval
+     '(YOUR CODE HERE))
+
 +++
 ** String mutation has been restricted further.
 'aset' on unibyte strings now requires the new character to be a single
diff --git a/lisp/startup.el b/lisp/startup.el
index aab8fcfe9f2..45c78052077 100644
--- a/lisp/startup.el
+++ b/lisp/startup.el
@@ -2744,6 +2744,7 @@ command-line-1
                     ((member argi '("-scriptload" "-scripteval"))
                      (let* ((file (command-line-normalize-file-name
                                    (or argval (pop command-line-args-left))))
+                            (lexical-binding t)
                             ;; Take file from default dir.
                             (file-ex (expand-file-name file))
                             (truename (file-truename file-ex)))

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> From: Stefan Monnier <monnier@HIDDEN>
> Cc: pipcet@HIDDEN,  jonas@HIDDEN,  79760 <at> debbugs.gnu.org
> Date: Thu, 06 Nov 2025 09:07:20 -0500
> 
> Eli Zaretskii [2025-11-06 15:17:34] wrote:
> 
> >> We could provide a macro
> >> 
> >>     (defmacro with-lexical-binding (lexbind &rest code)
> >>       (declare (indent 1) (debug t))
> >>       `(eval ',(macroexp-progn code) ,lexbind))
> >> 
> >> So they could wrap their code inside
> >> 
> >>     (with-lexical-binding nil
> >>       ...)
> >
> > Should be fine, I think.
> 
> Actually, it's just as easy to use `eval`, so maybe the patch below is
> all we need?

Assuming that 'eval' will always use dynamic binding, sure.

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"Stefan Monnier" <monnier@HIDDEN> writes:

> Eli Zaretskii [2025-11-06 15:17:34] wrote:
>
>>> From: Stefan Monnier <monnier@HIDDEN>
>>> Cc: Pip Cet <pipcet@HIDDEN>,  jonas@HIDDEN,  79760@debbugs.=
gnu.org
>>> Date: Thu, 06 Nov 2025 07:49:12 -0500
>>>
>>> >> My understanding was that the lexical-binding cookie needs to be set=
 at
>>> >> read time, not just when the code executes, because of macro expansi=
on.
>>> >
>>> > That probably means we will need to introduce a command-line option
>>> > (or maybe just using --eval will do?) to allow scripts to be run with
>>> > dynamic binding in effect.  Because even if we make lexical-binding
>>> > non-nil in --script, we still need to allow dynamic binding when it's
>>> > needed.  Any other ideas?
>>>
>>> We could provide a macro
>>>
>>>     (defmacro with-lexical-binding (lexbind &rest code)
>>>       (declare (indent 1) (debug t))
>>>       `(eval ',(macroexp-progn code) ,lexbind))
>>>
>>> So they could wrap their code inside
>>>
>>>     (with-lexical-binding nil
>>>       ...)
>>
>> Should be fine, I think.
>
> Actually, it's just as easy to use `eval`, so maybe the patch below is
> all we need?

I don't think that actually works for emacs --script; it does work for
emacs -scripteval.

> diff --git a/etc/NEWS b/etc/NEWS
> index 9243db67bce..eb1ffeed5ba 100644
> --- a/etc/NEWS
> +++ b/etc/NEWS
> @@ -3037,6 +3037,15 @@ and blocks Emacs, or does not provide ways to limi=
t how often it runs.
>  =0C
>  * Incompatible Lisp Changes in Emacs 31.1
>
> +** Files loaded from '-x' and '--script' now use lexical binding.
> +If you don't have time to adapt your script's code to the lexical
> +binding dialect (see (info "(elisp)Converting to Lexical Binding")),
> +you can wrap your code in:
> +
> +    #!/usr/bin/emacs --script
         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

I realize this is just an example, but can we please find a better
string to put here? I suggest "/usr/bin/env -S emacs --batch --script",
which

1. works on weird systems like guix (no /usr/bin except for env)
2. looks in your $PATH on normal systems
3. avoids reading user init files
4. can be expanded to include further arguments
5. avoids -scripteval (aka -x) and its weirdness

It'll break on systems which don't have /usr/bin/env, but those are much
less common than systems where emacs doesn't live in /usr/bin (or,
worse, it's the wrong version).

Pip

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Date: Fri, 07 Nov 2025 09:18:39 +0000
From: Pip Cet <pipcet@HIDDEN>
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Pip Cet <pipcet@HIDDEN> writes:

> "Stefan Monnier" <monnier@HIDDEN> writes:
>
>> Eli Zaretskii [2025-11-06 15:17:34] wrote:
>>
>>>> From: Stefan Monnier <monnier@HIDDEN>
>>>> Cc: Pip Cet <pipcet@HIDDEN>,  jonas@HIDDEN,  79760@debbugs=
.gnu.org
>>>> Date: Thu, 06 Nov 2025 07:49:12 -0500
>>>>
>>>> >> My understanding was that the lexical-binding cookie needs to be se=
t at
>>>> >> read time, not just when the code executes, because of macro expans=
ion.
>>>> >
>>>> > That probably means we will need to introduce a command-line option
>>>> > (or maybe just using --eval will do?) to allow scripts to be run wit=
h
>>>> > dynamic binding in effect.  Because even if we make lexical-binding
>>>> > non-nil in --script, we still need to allow dynamic binding when it'=
s
>>>> > needed.  Any other ideas?
>>>>
>>>> We could provide a macro
>>>>
>>>>     (defmacro with-lexical-binding (lexbind &rest code)
>>>>       (declare (indent 1) (debug t))
>>>>       `(eval ',(macroexp-progn code) ,lexbind))
>>>>
>>>> So they could wrap their code inside
>>>>
>>>>     (with-lexical-binding nil
>>>>       ...)
>>>
>>> Should be fine, I think.
>>
>> Actually, it's just as easy to use `eval`, so maybe the patch below is
>> all we need?
>
> I don't think that actually works for emacs --script; it does work for
> emacs -scripteval.

Proposed patch:

From 5fa18e08471120808a54540764bd896a27313a7e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pip Cet <pipcet@HIDDEN>
Date: Fri, 7 Nov 2025 09:12:55 +0000
Subject: [PATCH] The --script option now enforces lexical binding (bug#7976=
0)

* etc/NEWS: Document the change.
* lisp/startup.el (command-line--load-script): Set 'lexical-binding';
if we delete the first line, insert a new line to preserve line
numbers.
(command-line--eval-script): Set 'lexical-binding'.
---
 etc/NEWS        | 10 ++++++++++
 lisp/startup.el |  6 ++++--
 2 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/etc/NEWS b/etc/NEWS
index 0dbe168d8c1..47cdd54f02b 100644
--- a/etc/NEWS
+++ b/etc/NEWS
@@ -3031,6 +3031,16 @@ and blocks Emacs, or does not provide ways to limit =
how often it runs.
 =0C
 * Incompatible Lisp Changes in Emacs 31.1
=20
+** Files loaded from '-x' and '--script' now use lexical binding.
+If you don't have time to adapt your script's code to the lexical
+binding dialect (see (info "(elisp)Converting to Lexical Binding")),
+you can wrap your code in:
+
+    #!/usr/bin/env -S emacs --batch --script
+    (eval
+     '(progn
+        YOUR CODE HERE))
+
 +++
 ** String mutation has been restricted further.
 'aset' on unibyte strings now requires the new character to be a single
diff --git a/lisp/startup.el b/lisp/startup.el
index aab8fcfe9f2..5bf03d19e95 100644
--- a/lisp/startup.el
+++ b/lisp/startup.el
@@ -2961,12 +2961,14 @@ command-line--load-script
    file file nil t
    (lambda (buffer file)
      (with-current-buffer buffer
+       (setq-local lexical-binding t)
        (goto-char (point-min))
        ;; Removing the #! and then calling `eval-buffer' will make the
        ;; reader not signal an error if it then turns out that the
        ;; buffer is empty.
        (when (looking-at "#!")
-         (delete-line))
+         (delete-line)
+         (insert ";; -*- lexical-binding: t -*-\n"))
        (eval-buffer buffer nil file nil t)))))
=20
 (defun command-line--eval-script (file)
@@ -2974,7 +2976,7 @@ command-line--eval-script
    file file nil t
    (lambda (buffer _)
      (with-current-buffer buffer
-       (goto-char (point-min))
+       (setq-local lexical-binding t)
        (when (looking-at "#!")
          (forward-line))
        (let (value form)
--=20
2.51.1

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> Date: Fri, 07 Nov 2025 09:18:39 +0000
> From: Pip Cet <pipcet@HIDDEN>
> Cc: Eli Zaretskii <eliz@HIDDEN>, jonas@HIDDEN, 79760 <at> debbugs.gnu.org
> 
> @@ -2974,7 +2976,7 @@ command-line--eval-script
>     file file nil t
>     (lambda (buffer _)
>       (with-current-buffer buffer
> -       (goto-char (point-min))
> +       (setq-local lexical-binding t)
>         (when (looking-at "#!")
>           (forward-line))
>         (let (value form)

Why should we delete the goto-char line?

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"Eli Zaretskii" <eliz@HIDDEN> writes:

>> Date: Fri, 07 Nov 2025 09:18:39 +0000
>> From: Pip Cet <pipcet@HIDDEN>
>> Cc: Eli Zaretskii <eliz@HIDDEN>, jonas@HIDDEN, 79760@HIDDEN=
g
>>
>> @@ -2974,7 +2976,7 @@ command-line--eval-script
>>     file file nil t
>>     (lambda (buffer _)
>>       (with-current-buffer buffer
>> -       (goto-char (point-min))
>> +       (setq-local lexical-binding t)
>>         (when (looking-at "#!")
>>           (forward-line))
>>         (let (value form)
>
> Why should we delete the goto-char line?

Thanks for spotting that! That change was unintended (it happens to be
harmless because load-with-code-conversion leaves point at BOB, but best
not to rely on that).

Pip

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> Date: Fri, 07 Nov 2025 11:58:18 +0000
> From: Pip Cet <pipcet@HIDDEN>
> Cc: monnier@HIDDEN, jonas@HIDDEN, 79760 <at> debbugs.gnu.org
> 
> "Eli Zaretskii" <eliz@HIDDEN> writes:
> 
> >> Date: Fri, 07 Nov 2025 09:18:39 +0000
> >> From: Pip Cet <pipcet@HIDDEN>
> >> Cc: Eli Zaretskii <eliz@HIDDEN>, jonas@HIDDEN, 79760 <at> debbugs.gnu.org
> >>
> >> @@ -2974,7 +2976,7 @@ command-line--eval-script
> >>     file file nil t
> >>     (lambda (buffer _)
> >>       (with-current-buffer buffer
> >> -       (goto-char (point-min))
> >> +       (setq-local lexical-binding t)
> >>         (when (looking-at "#!")
> >>           (forward-line))
> >>         (let (value form)
> >
> > Why should we delete the goto-char line?
> 
> Thanks for spotting that! That change was unintended (it happens to be
> harmless because load-with-code-conversion leaves point at BOB, but best
> not to rely on that).

Agreed.

I'm okay with the rest of the patch, but let's hear from Stefan (and
Jonas if he has comments).

Message sent to bug-gnu-emacs@HIDDEN:

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Pip Cet via "Bug reports for GNU Emacs, the Swiss army knife of text
editors" <bug-gnu-emacs@HIDDEN> writes:

Hi,

> diff --git a/etc/NEWS b/etc/NEWS
> index 0dbe168d8c1..47cdd54f02b 100644
> --- a/etc/NEWS
> +++ b/etc/NEWS
> @@ -3031,6 +3031,16 @@ and blocks Emacs, or does not provide ways to lim=
it how often it runs.
>  =0C
>  * Incompatible Lisp Changes in Emacs 31.1
> =20
> +** Files loaded from '-x' and '--script' now use lexical binding.
> +If you don't have time to adapt your script's code to the lexical
> +binding dialect (see (info "(elisp)Converting to Lexical Binding")),

In etc/NEWS, we say something like

=2D-8<---------------cut here---------------start------------->8---
binding dialect (see the Info node "(elisp) Converting to Lexical Binding"=
),
=2D-8<---------------cut here---------------end--------------->8---

> +you can wrap your code in:
> +
> +    #!/usr/bin/env -S emacs --batch --script
> +    (eval
> +     '(progn
> +        YOUR CODE HERE))
> +

Best regards, Michael.

Last modified: Fri, 7 Nov 2025 12:30:02 UTC

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